22/09/ · An Essay on Man consists of four epistles, which is a term that is historically used to describe formal letters directed to a specific person. The work that more than any other popularized the optimistic philosophy, not only in England but throughout Europe, was Alexander Pope's Essay on Man (), a rationalistic effort to justify the ways of God to man philosophically An Essay on Man: Epistle II By Alexander Pope. I. Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of mankind is man. Plac'd on this isthmus of a middle state, A being darkly wise, and rudely great: With too much knowledge for the sceptic side, With too much weakness for the stoic's pride, He hangs between; in doubt to act, or rest; In doubt to deem himself a god, or
Analysis of Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man – Literary Theory and Criticism
A biased public did not take the poem as Pope intended, as a satire on the vanity of nobility as a whole. In reaction to that misunderstanding, Pope devised a clever and, as it proved, wildly successful plan to publish An Essay on Man anonymously, allowing the public and the dunces themselves to render an honest evaluation. He then chose a different bookseller for An Essay on Manand because his precise rhymes were so well known, even inserted one weak rhyming couplet to mislead his readers. Pope hoped for a fair reception of a poem that he knew would draw charges of religious unorthodoxy if printed under his name.
His plan worked beautifully, and his usual critics raved about the genius evident in this work by a new poet. The fatalistic and naturalistic themes an essay on man the result, as they saw Pope reducing man to little more than a puppet with no free will. He attempted to consider man and his experience apart from Christian revelation, the more familiar and acceptable approach used by poets including John Milton. Pope instead perceived of man as making discoveries through his experience based on reason. He also hoped to demystify some language with which the church had embedded specific symbolic meaning. As Locke did, Pope believed that words simply referred to our ideas, not to any hidden essence. The science of Human Nature is, like all other sciences, reduced to a few clear points : there are not many certain truths in this world.
It is therefore in the Anatomy of the Mind as in that of the Body; more good will accrue to mankind by attending to the large, open and perceptible parts, than by studying too much such finer nerves and vessels, the conformations and uses of which will for ever escape our observation. Structured in four epistles, the poem stretches to slightly more than 1, lines. Pope originally conceived it as an introduction to an extended work that would include the moral essays. In addition, he should not be considered imperfect, but suitable to his rank within the general order of things. All present happiness depends upon ignorance of the future.
If any individual wished that to take place, it would be the result of pride and madness. Man must assume his proper place in Providence. Pope opens the First Epistle by addressing Henry St. but not without a plan. This traditional concept would be familiar to his readers, who shared the vision of man in the most crucial central position on a ladder of creation. Man represents a combination of beastly sensual instinct and spiritual intelligence. He needs to resist the temptation of pride to rise an essay on man his natural place, and he must resist surrender to animal instinct. Hope humbly then; with trembling pinions soar; Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore! What future bliss, an essay on man, he gives not thee to know, But gives that Hope to be thy blessing now.
Expressing a typical 18th-century thought, Pope writes that habit and experience strengthen Reason and help restrain Self-love. All passion results from Self-love:. Reason may even help in overcoming madness. While Instinct proves good for Society, Reason proves better, the origins of Monarchy, Religion, and Government, all from the Principle of Love, and Superstition and Tyrrany from Fear. Finally, he discusses the various forms of government and their true ends. As he describes monarchs, wits, and tyrants, he describes two types of discord. One is warlike and violent, the other benevolent and creating peace; neither is good on its own. The speaker notes that left to his instincts, man might allow his greed to lead to destruction and savagery, and that he can learn control by observing nature.
Such statements draw from classical sources, in which efficient creatures were posed as examples for human society to imitate. The speaker states that men never possessed any divine right and supplies various examples of the effect of fear on others. Pope returns to what at first seems to be a paradox, writing. However, as Pope critics later explained, what he writes contains no true contradiction. The sharing an essay on man self-interest makes for proper government. Happiness does not consist in external goods; is kept even by providence, through Hope and Fear; an essay on man the good man will have an advantage. We should not judge who is good, and external goods are often inconsistent with or destructive of virtue. Discussion with others regarding the location of bliss will evoke varied responses.
He then makes clear that those who are virtuous and just may die too soon, but their deaths are not caused by their virtue. Humility, Justice, Truth, and Public Spirit deserve to wear a Crown, and they will, but one must wait to receive the rewards of possessing such traits. Pope assembles an honor code for all to follow, an essay on man, as he attempts to convince individuals not to feel jealousy toward others who seem to have more possessions, as these do not lead to bliss, an essay on man. Pope has managed, an essay on man, through various examples, to lead from his opening request for a definition of happiness to the conclusion that virtue equates to that state, and, because virtue is available to all, everyone can enjoy happiness.
As any an essay on man lesson does, this one bears repeating, and Pope closes with that emphasis:. That REASON, PASSION, answer one great aim; That true SELF-LOVE and SOCIAL are the same; That VIRTUE only makes our BLISS below; And all our Knowledge is, OURSELVES TO KNOW. The main gravamen of the Essay is thus an assault on pride, on the aspiration of mankind to get above its station, scan the mysteries of heaven, promote itself to the central place in the universe. But there is something disturbing about this assumption of authority, an essay on man. Similarly, Pope counsels concentration on the human scale in what is, nonetheless, his cosmological testament. Milton aspires to be the poet of God, and so indeed does Pope; if the latter is seeking to stifle adventurous mental journeys, he can only do so by giving them a certain amount of weight and interest, an essay on man.
Pope seeks a way out of this paradox by contrasting visions: human vision is limited to its own state, an essay on man, but can reason and infer other states from that position. EM, I: 21—8. Again the proposition is that our limited vision cannot see only the limitations of our place in the chain, and not its active dynamism:. EM, I: 57— Our cosmological position is also limited temporally by our blindness to the future, and Pope reminds us of our superiority of knowledge over other creatures on earth, to indicate our own inferiority to creatures we cannot but again, do imagine I: 81—6. We might imagine, for example, a Heaven. EM, I: 87— Pope discovers this intellectual pride to operate at more or less every level of human experience, including the bodily senses.
Why has not Man a microscopic eye For this plain reason, Man is not a Fly. Pope is resisting the imaginative world opened up by improved microscopic technology, just as his cosmic vision ambivalently absorbs the epochal discoveries in physics made by Newton; his moral point is that Man has the right amount of perception for his state and position in the system, no more and no less. The reason we cannot, and should not seek to, break this bound or alter our place on the ladder, an essay on man, is correspondingly huge in its theological overtones. Since the system which Pope has imagined is cosmological, if anything steps out of line the entire cosmos is ruined:. Pope works up this dominating, pacifying rhetoric partly out of a sense of his own poetic audacity and its closeness to the aspirations of reason and pride.
The second Epistle sets about redeploying those energies of enquiry into the microcosmos an essay on man the human mind. Using his favourite device an essay on man the telling oxymoron, Man becomes a miniature cosmology which has internalised that war which Milton turns into narrative: he is both Adam and Satan, top and bottom of the scale. Could he, whose rules the rapid Comet bind, Describe or fix one movement of his Mind Who saw its fires here rise, and there descend, Explain his own beginning, or his end EM, II: 35—8. Self-love is a kind of id, an essay on man, appetitive, desiring, an essay on man, urging, instigating action; reason is an ego which judges, an essay on man, advises, makes purposeful theenergies of self-love.
Without these complementary forces human nature would be either ineffectual or destructive this is the true cosmic drama :. EM, An essay on man 61—6. Across the structure of the an essay on man, Heaven has replaced science as the artist of the mind, with society as the place in which psychomachic forces operate to a benign ratio, an essay on man. EM, III: 9— Sociality is the basic pattern of all nature; life-cycles provide a chronological sequencing of the same principle, one which should remind us of our own place in the scheme, a mutual dependency of created an essay on man III: 21—6.
The psychology which in Epistle II contrasted self-love and reason inside the human mind now contrasts animal instinct with human reason, providing a different set of conflicts and analogies. Animals show the arts of society before mankind has them III: —8, an essay on man. Pope is in somewhat dangerous water here, and deliberately maintains absolute balance between two types of political system: a communitarian republic the Antsand a property-owning monarchy the Bees, an essay on man. By secularising and naturalising the mythic origins of government, Pope adapts patriarchalism for civil society.
Thus hierarchical monarchy, an essay on man, and the belief system which underpins it, emerge along patriarchal lines. But Pope draws on both sides to celebrate a modern system which reconciles competing energies:. EM, III: —6. In the end, Pope argues, the social nature of human interaction can be viewed by analogy with wider cosmology:. On their own Axis as the Planets run, Yet make at once their circle round the Sun: So two consistent motions act the Soul; And one regards Itself, and one the Whole. EM, an essay on man, III: — Epistle IV was published somewhat apart from the earlier epistles, in [37], and in many ways it is the least in keeping with the others, showing a pronounced tendency to dissolve its polished sense of order into a more stridently satirical account of human folly.
But the epistle shows Pope searching for a means of addressing the multivalence of human experience, and social inequalities in particular, without entirely being able to rely on the format of the vertical chain of being or the horizontal analogy from physics; in what is largely a catalogue of human errors on the subject of happiness, and a teaching of contempt for material good, Pope begins to quote some of his own earlier formulations in newly problematic contexts. The public world is presented as increasingly corrupt and unstable, with fame intangible and misleading IV: —58 ; the only universally available and reliable happiness is an inner conviction of virtuous life.
Inner virtue leads to civic virtue, charity, benevolence, but it must be that way round:. God loves from Whole to Parts: but human soul Must rise from Individual to the Whole. EM, IV: —72 T. he physical metaphor of the mind rippling and overflowing into wider contexts itself oversteps its ostensible purpose here and reminds us of several of the physics-derived images in earlier epistles; this is the ecological system of mind, an essay on man, world and universe as it is supposed to work at the end of the argument. But the actual end of the work is curious. So much is placed in the form of a question IV: — Pope and Bolingbroke: A Study of Friendship and Influence. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, an essay on man, Morris, David P. Alexander Pope, the Genius of Sense.
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“An Essay on Man” (Part 1)
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23/03/ · March 23, by Essay Writer The assertion of the first epistle of Pope’s “An Essay on Man” is that man has too narrow a perspective to truly understand God’s plan, and his goal is to “vindicate the ways of God to man” (Pope 16). The ignorance of man befits his place in the order of creation, and his confusion conceals the harmony of that order The work that more than any other popularized the optimistic philosophy, not only in England but throughout Europe, was Alexander Pope's Essay on Man (), a rationalistic effort to justify the ways of God to man philosophically AN ESSAY ON MAN by Alexander Pope THE AUTHOR Alexander Pope (), known among his many enemies as the Malignant Dwarf of Twickenham, was born into a Catholic family in the year of the Glorious Revolution. It was not a good time to be a Catholic in England; both the universities and the leading occupations were closed to the precocious young scholar who, File Size: KB
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